By: University of Maryland, Baltimore County December 24, 2020

In this artist rendering provided by NASA, the remnants of a star torn apart by a black hole form a disk around the center of the black hole, and jets eject from both sides. The jet can travel at a speed close to the speed of light and release high energy along the way. New research from UMBC on Nature Communications shows that energy dissipation occurs farther from the center of the black hole than previously thought. Research methods, standard statistical techniques, and minimal reliance on any particular jet model assumptions make the research results difficult to dispute. The results provide clues about the formation and structure of the jet. Credit: NASA

The new study determined that the energy in the plasma jet released by the black hole is farther away from the center of the black hole than previously thought, which resolves the long-standing dispute and provides clues to the formation and structure of the jet.

The supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy is the most massive object in the universe. Their masses range from about 1 million to 10 billion times the mass of the sun. Some of these black holes also eject huge, superheated plasma jets at speeds close to the speed of light. The main way for jets to release this powerful kinetic energy is to convert it into extremely high-energy gamma rays. However, a PhD in Physics at UMBC. Candidate Adam Leah Harvey said: "How exactly this radiation is produced is an open question."

The jet must release energy somewhere, and the previous work did not reach agreement. The main candidates are the two regions composed of gas and light surrounding the black hole, called the broad-line region and the molecular torus.

The jet of a black hole may convert visible light and infrared light in any area into high-energy gamma rays by releasing part of its energy. Harvey’s new research funded by NASA sheds light on this controversy by providing strong evidence that jets release energy mainly on the torus of molecules rather than in broad-line regions. The research was published in Nature Communications in October and was co-authored by UMBC physicists Markos Georganopoulos and Eileen Meyer.

The wide-line area is closer to the center of the black hole, and the distance is about 0.3 light-years. The molecular torus is much further away-more than 3 light years. Harvey explained that although all these distances seem huge to non-astronomers, this new work "tells us that on relevant scales, we are dissipating energy far away from black holes."

"These effects are very important for us to understand the jets emitted by black holes," Harvey said. Which area mainly absorbs the jet's energy can provide clues about how the jet initially formed, accelerated, and turned into a columnar shape. For example, "This shows that the jet is not accelerating enough to start dissipating energy on smaller scales," Harvey said.

Other researchers have proposed conflicting ideas about the structure and behavior of jets. However, because Harvey uses a trusted method in their new work, they hope that the results will be widely accepted by the scientific community. "The results basically help limit the possibilities of jet formation-those different models."

To reach their conclusions, Harvey applied a standard statistical technique called the "bootstrap method" to the data of 62 black hole jet observations. "A lot of the content before this paper is very dependent on the model. Other papers made a lot of very specific assumptions, and our method is very general," Harvey explained. "Nothing can disrupt the analysis. This is an easy-to-understand method and only uses observational data. So the results should be correct."

The number called the seed factor is the core of the analysis. The seed factor indicates where the light waves converted from the jet stream into gamma rays come from. If the conversion occurs on the molecular ring, a seed factor is expected. If it occurs in a wide-line area, the seed factor will be different.

Georganopolous, associate professor of physics and one of Harvey's consultants, initially developed the concept of seed factors, but "the idea of ​​applying seed factors must wait for a very persevering person, and this person is Adam Leah," Georganopoulos said.

Harvey calculated the seed factor for all 62 observations. They found that the seed factor falls into a normal distribution, almost completely in line with the expected value of the molecular torus. This result strongly suggests that the energy from the jet is being released into the light waves in the molecular annulus, rather than in the broad-line area.

Harvey said that the support of their mentor Georganopoulos and assistant professor of physics Meyer played an important role in the success of the project. "I think if it weren't for them to let me continue to study how to do things, it would never be where it is now," Harvey said. "Because they let me really study it in depth, I was able to extract more from this project."

Harvey calls himself an "observational astronomer", but adds, "Compared to a physicist, I am more like a data scientist and a statistician." They said that statistics are the most exciting part of this work. The excited part.

"I just think I can find a way to do such a powerful research on such a strange system that is so far from my personal reality, which is really cool." Harvey said. "It will be interesting to see what people do with it."

Reference: "A powerful extra-river jet dissipates its kinetic energy away from the central black hole", Adam Leah W. Harvey, Markos Georganopoulos, and Eileen T. Meyer, October 30, 2020, Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19296-6

I like to understand cutting-edge technology, especially physics and cosmology, as well as astronomy and observational analysis.

I think nothing can escape the black hole...

"I think there is nothing that can escape a black hole...I have no education in this area, but can anyone explain how a jet of gas shoots out but light can't..."

Black hole physics is currently very complicated and mostly tentative, so please be patient.

It is true that the falling object did not escape the so-called event horizon of the black hole (hence the name—we can’t see what's going on inside), but physicists discovered that it is likely to be thermal radiation (so-called Hawking radiation). This means that black holes are not thermodynamic wonders, but may have temperature, entropy, and limited life span-however, except for the later stages of thermal radiation, black holes are assumed to have high radiation energy and enter the visible light range.

Now to the jet plane. My longer review contains some of the foundations of the active galactic nucleus [AGN] structure, which is the high-energy core of a jet-active galaxy driven by the central supermassive black hole [SMBH]. The accretion disk gas and dust matter — matter that falls toward the center of the galaxy's core — is transported to the black hole. Most of the falling matter disappears as you said, but it is heated and ionized into X-rays and charged particles to emit plasma before falling.

If a black hole has a little magnetic field-after all it can carry a little net charge, if charged matter falls into it-it will be greatly amplified and twisted by the black hole's gravity [https://en.wikipedia]. org/wiki/Astrophysic_jet].

"One explanation is that the entangled magnetic field [2] is organized to aim two diametrically opposed beams at an angle that is only a few degrees wide (c.> 1%) at an angle away from the central source. [3] The jet is also May be affected by the general relativity effect called frame drag."

Now we come to a clearly open question, namely one, the other or two options:

"However, the frequency of high-energy astrophysical sources with jets suggests that the combination of different mechanisms indirectly identify the energy in the relevant accretion disk and the X-ray emission of the generating source. Two early theories have been used to explain how energy is derived from The black hole is transferred to the astrophysical jet:

– The Blandford-Znajek process. [14] This theory explains the extraction of energy from the magnetic field surrounding the accretion disk, which is dragged and twisted by the spin of the black hole. Then the relativistic material is emitted by tightening the field lines.

-Penrose mechanism. [15] Here, the energy is extracted from the rotating black hole by dragging the frame. Later, it was theoretically proved that it can extract the energy and momentum of relativistic particles. [16] It was subsequently proved to be a possible mechanism of jet formation. . "

I am not an expert in this field, but I am very interested in cosmology: pay attention to the vacancy applicable. However, I can safely say that I will continue Christmas!

More precisely, the black hole thermal radiation is generated within a very small distance (the so-called Planck length) from the outside of the event horizon-the event horizon is still the classic "one-way ticket" to the inside.

In addition, I am sorry to make you confused, but I am also confused. The magnetic field of the accretion disk is said to be the culprit. (I think these have been observed.) Similarly, heating will ionize some gas, and rotating a charged disk will create a field. This is much better than what I proposed for the magnetic field.

If the disk's magnetic field is close to the black hole, the rest of the foundation of the Blandford-Znajek process will follow.

Good question. I also want to ask what is the plasma ejected from the singularity?

It is surprising how many people have made progress from scratch. Einstein did not believe in black holes. His paper on the basis of general relativity published in 1916 showed that he introduced approximations to derive his field equations. The exact solution of the approximation is still an approximation. The equation for predicting black holes requires two mathematical errors beyond Einstein's approximation to get this result. For more details, please see:-

https://quicycle.com/video/qc0106-dr-vivian-robinson-the-physics-of-einsteins-gravity/ or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86mb-D_Sla4&feature=emb_logo

Mathematicians who believe in black holes do not understand Einstein's mathematics. Especially when x << 1, they don't seem to understand that the term 1 – x is a good approximation of the term 1/(1 + x). Physicists who believe in black holes do not understand simple physics. The perihelion precession and gravity stronger than the inverse square law of orbiting celestial bodies are physically impossible. Newton pointed this out in 1687.

The above introduction gives the exact solution of physics used by Einstein in developing the gravitational field equation. This solution predicts the structure observed by the Event Horizon telescope cooperatively. This can easily explain why a massive object can eject jets perpendicular to its plane of rotation.

This is a self-promotional link to a pseudo-scientific source.

I don’t know what to think about your attempts to use science, peer review, and Cambridge University’s good reputation, but it looks worse than the usual pseudo-science peddling.

Your own description implies that you did not solve Einstein's equation, nor did you do any of the work done by the Event Horizon Telescope to show the world the first shadow image of a black hole. Therefore, the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to the three discoverers of black hole physics and the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/].

They use boot samples based on statistical reconstructions of several well-studied systems, but the boot statistics look good.

The seed factor describes the degree to which the inverse Compton scattering of high-energy photons from electrons occurs relative to the synchrotron radiation generated by jet electrons, and is represented by the ratio of light wavelength amplitude. That looks good too.

"Our findings set a specific limit on the jet model: there is no large amount of steady-state jet energy dissipation on a scale of less than ~1 pc. Within this distance, the fluid must be collimated and reach an opening angle of several degrees, and at the same time The requirement of VLBI research is to accelerate to a volumetric Lorentz factor of 10-50. The main particle acceleration and subsequent dissipation of the order of 10% of the ejection power must occur outside the sub-pc wide-line region and ~pc-scale molecular torus Inside. This conclusion is not based on any single source, but on a clear observation of the entire group of powerful jets."

"Our results also believe that the VLBI core is not the main location for gamma-ray emission."

A typical model of the AGN structure [see Figure 1 at the link]:

"A typical AGN consists of several components (see Figure 1 on the right):-An accretion disk, through which the material funnels to the SMBH.-Broadline region (BLR), in which broad lines and optical/UV lines are generated Reverberation mapping studies have shown that the inner radius of the area is proportional to the luminosity, about 10-100 light-days (for example, Kaspi et al., 2005).-A molecular torus located within a few parsecs of the SMBH. Near infrared Reverberation studies have shown that the inner radius of the torus is also proportional to the luminosity (Suganuma et al., 2006).-The narrow line area (NLR), located about 100-300 pc from the SMBH, creates a narrow light here." [http://www.isdc.unige.ch/~ricci/Website/Active_Galactic_Nuclei.html]

I have seen newer variants in which the arrangement of components is different, and the jet is at a certain angle to the torus of the disk, but the general idea is there.

...The universe is more puzzling than we expected. This is just one of the best examples of the recycle bin............Perfect ticking............However, this is a superhuman expectation......

If a black hole can emit anything, why not emit light? I think black holes are just the gravitational center of all the energy of the Milky Way.

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